The euphoria of the late 1990s that the private sector will resolve much of the management needs and investment requirements for water supply and sanitation of the developing world is now mostly over. The multinational companies that were actively soliciting the management concessions for water supply and sanitation services for the major urban centres, during the second half of the 1990s, have...

Private water supply operators (PWSOs) play an important role in extending piped services small cities Cambodia. However, the connection rates to PWSOs are highly varied. Therefore, this study aimed find reasons for low of and propose ways increase rates. The three selected continuously, with sufficiently high pressure good quality except concentration residual chlorine, while per capita volume...

The question of whether private money is viable in the absence of any external control is an old one. We address it in an economy with decentralized trade and information where a self-interested agent, the bank, has the monopoly over the provision of fiat money and is not limited on how much it can issue over time. The assumption of decentralized information is a crucial one and sets this work ...

BACKGROUND Private water systems are more likely to have nitrate levels above the maximum contaminant level (MCL). Pregnant women are considered vulnerable to the effects of exposure to high levels of nitrates in drinking water due to their altered physiological states. The level of methemoglobin in the blood is the biomarker often used in research for assessing exposure to nitrates. The object...

In many Mediterranean countries, users store water resources in private tanks, which are typically located on rooftops. These local reservoirs are generally connected directly to the water distribution network (WDN). This installation scheme causes a disconnection of the WDN from the users, and thus, the users’ water supply is no longer linked to their consumption, which changes the network ope...

This guidebook is part of an ongoing series intended to assist public agencies, non-profit organizations, and the private sector with design and implementation of water acquisition programs to improve water supply reliability during drought and under climate change. While this guidebook addresses the use of auctions, others being developed will discuss water supply reliability contracts, region...

Hierarchical distance-based fuzzy multi-criteria group decision making was served as a tool to evaluate the drinking water supply systems of Qom, a semi-arid city located in central part of Iran. A list of aspects consisting of 6 criteria and 35 sub-criteria were evaluated based on a linguistic term set by five decision-makers. Four water supply alternatives including "Public desalinated distri...

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