This study was an attempt to explore the beliefs of Iranian EFL teachers about the role of grammar in English language teaching in both state schools and private language institutes. Data were collected through a questionnaire developed by Burgess and Etherington (2002), which consisted of 11 main subscales and was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with approaches to grammar te...

This paper presents AI applications of the recently proposed Transaction Logic (abbr., 7-7z) [2]. Transaction Logic is a novel formalism that accounts in a clean and declarative fashion for the phenomenon of updating first-order knowledge bases, most notably, databases and logic programs. Transaction Logic has a natural model theory and a sound-and-complete proof theory. Unlike many other logic...

Procedural knowledge is the knowledge required to perform certain tasks, and forms an important part of expertise. A major source of procedural knowledge is natural language instructions. While these readable instructions have been useful learning resources for human, they are not interpretable by machines. Automatically acquiring procedural knowledge in machine interpretable formats from instr...

The general perception is that high school teaching of mathematics tends to be fairly procedural in South Africa and that students that enter university are better equipped to deal with procedural problems rather than conceptual. In this study we compare the conceptual and procedural skills of first year calculus students in life sciences. We also investigate students’ confidence in handling co...

Generalized planning is the task of generating a single solution that is valid for a set of planning problems. In this paper we show how to represent and compute generalized plans using procedural Domain Control Knowledge (DCK). We define a divide and conquer approach that first generates the procedural DCK solving a set of planning problems representative of certain subtasks and then compile i...

Research into the maintenance of procedural knowledge has focused on the detection of declarative meta-structures within the procedures. An alternative approach is described here based on the ripple-down-rules (RDR) formalism. To the standard RDR rule tree, we add a functions environment hierarchy that stores the implementation of the procedures used in the rules. This functions environment str...

Many mathematics educators have lost sight of the critical importance of the mathematical "understanding" which underlies procedural competence, in part because we do not have a language to refer to this kind of understanding. The modal way of categorizing mathematical knowledge -conceptual and procedural knowledge -is limited in that: (a) it is almost exclusively focused on the mathematics of ...