Economist Frank H. Knight (1885–1972) is commonly credited with defining the distinction between decisions under “risk” (known chance) and decisions under “uncertainty” (unmeasurable probability) in his 1921 book Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. A closer reading of Knight (1921) reveals a host of psychological insights beyond this risk-uncertainty distinction, many of which foreshadow revolutionar...

allameh fadlullah is known as the poet of the jurists and the jurist of the poets. in his diwan (collection of poems), he has addressed a variety of themes, including the prophet’s character. he believes that prophet muhammad was not a mere servant of allah. he was a transmitter of the massage and a connector of god and ummah (the islamic nation), rather than simply a connector of god and an in...

We present Prophet, a novel patch generation system that learns a probabilistic model over candidate patches from a large code database that contains many past successful human patches. It defines the probabilistic model as the combination of a distribution over program points based on error localization algorithms and a parameterized log-linear distribution over modification operations. It the...