This article analyzes China's pension arrangement and notes that China has recently established a universal non-contributory pension plan covering urban non-employed workers and all rural residents, combined with the pension plan covering urban employees already in place. Further, in the latest reform, China has discontinued the special pension plan for civil servants and integrated this privil...

Abstract We present a new notion of mereological sum that is inequivalent to extant ones in the literature and does not fall prey reasonable complaints can be raised against some such notions. In light this notion, we then revisit relation between universalism extensionalism. particular argue Varzi’s claim point entails extensionalism justified only insofar as one sticks sum. effect, distinguis...

Ich schlage vor, die Schriften von Professor Janusz Kuczyński über den Universalismus weiterzuentwickeln und zu erweitern, indem ich das Wort „Humanismus“ durch Hinzufügen des Präfixes „Post“ ändere – um Begriff Humanismus auf alle gegenwärtigen zukünftigen fühlenden nicht-empfindungsfähigen Lebewesen auszudehnen ethischen Faden hervorhebe, der ein Wegweiser für Dialog im Allgemeinen interkultu...

........................................................................................... 315 Introduction ...................................................................................... 317 I. Law and Contemporary Attitudes Toward African Homosexuality ....................................................................... 323 II. Liberal Philosophy and Liberal Legal Frameworks .........

BACKGROUND Early child development influences many aspects of wellbeing, health, competence in literacy and numeracy, criminality, and social and economic participation throughout the life course. Children from disadvantaged groups have less possibilities of achieving full development. By providing a positive start for all children across the social gradient, improved developmental outcomes wil...

This paper generalizes the proportionate-type adaptive algorithm to graph signal processing and proposes two recovery algorithms. The gain matrix of proportionate leads faster convergence than least mean squares (LMS) algorithm. In this paper, is obtained in a closed-form by minimizing gradient mean-square deviation (GMSD). first LMS (Pt-GLMS) which simply uses recursion process accelerates Pt-...

Abstract The aim of the paper is to investigate how retributivists should respond apparent tension between moral desert and proportionality in punishment. I argue that rather than attempting show term ‘proportionate punishment’ refers whatever penal treatment offender morally deserves, maintain two things: first, a punishment proportionate when it commensurate seriousness crime; second, offende...