Suspensions of clays in organic liquids change considerably in theological character from liquid to liquid or when additions of a second liquid are made; thus, for example when about 15 per cent. volume of ethyl alcohol was added to a dispersion of a sample of bentonite in water the specific viscosity and thixotropy (as measured 9 by rate of the sol-->gel transition) increased to a maximum in s...

Complex permittivity of a number of liquids and binary mixtures has been studied by measurement using the waveguide techniques at the X and Ku band. Particular pieces of WR90 and WR62 waveguides were designed for the measurement of liquid materials. The custom designed TRL calibration kits are applied for calibration of the waveguide system. The measured results of complex permittivity of liqui...

IT was shown by Quastel and Woolf [1926] that when fumaric acid and ammonia are incubated with a suspension of B. coli communis atPH 7-4 in presence of an "inhibitor," such as 2 % propyl alcohol, there is a disappearance of free ammonia from the solution. Similarly, when l-aspartic acid is incubated under the same conditions, it is partially deaminated, and the time-course and final values of t...

Cyclic AMP was converted to its phosphotriesters according to the classical approach of phosphate activation with a sulfonyl chloride, followed by esterification with an alcohol. The methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and cetyl triesters were prepared, and some of their physical-chemical properties determined. Alkaline hydrolysis of these alkyl phosphotriesters resulted predominantly in ring opening....

God's crown is one of the plants with various components flavonoid as these components, which an abundant plant metabolite component in nature that significantly functions for plant's growth and antioxidants. This study aimed to examine The Concentration Variation Effect 70% Ethanol Extract from Crown (Phaleria Macrocarpa) Towards Physical Stability Cream Preparations by variating extract conce...

Preservatives are chemical substances whose role is to protect medicinal products against harmful changes caused by microorganisms. They are added to sterile medicinal products, such as eye drops and multidose solutions for injections, as well as to non-sterile products, such as water oral solutions, creams, gels, suppositories and capsules with liquid content. The most commonly used preservati...

Esters reduce to form ethers and alcohols on contact with metal nanoparticles supported Brønsted acidic faujasite (M-FAU) that cleave C−O bonds by hydrogenation hydrogenolysis pathways. Rates selectivities for each pathway depend the identity (M=Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt). Pt-FAU gives propyl acetate consumption rates up 100 times greater than other M-FAU catalysts provides an ethyl ether sele...

Pyrolysis of diethyl (C4), di-n-propyl (C6), di-isopropyl (C6) and di-n-butyl (C8) ethers were studied in a jet-stirred reactor between 720 1140 K, at 10 atm with an initial ether mole fraction 0.1%. Major common pyrolysis products observed to be CO, CH4, H2, C2H4. All produced the n/2 alcohol olefin as molecular reaction small extent. Under conditions atm, hydrogen abstraction reactions by H a...

Sustainable energy derived from waste resources helps to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions generated fossil fuels. In this study, a solid heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized by using eggshell and copper oxide [CaCu(OCH3)2]. Using catalyst, biodiesel fuels were produced sardine fish oil either methanol, ethanol, or iso-propanol. To reduce acid value of oil, esterification performed before...

The title compound, propyl gallate (III), is an important substance popularly used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Current chemical syntheses of this compound are based on acylation supported by thionyl chloride, DIC/DMAP or Fischer esterification using a range homogenous heterogenous catalysts. In paper, efficient, green, straightforward, economical method for synthesizing...