PURPOSE Connective tissue structures constrain paths of the rectus extraocular muscles (EOMs), acting as pulleys and serving as functional EOM origins. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship of orbital and global EOM layers to pulleys and kinematic implications of this anatomy. METHODS High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to define the anterior paths of ...

The rectus extraocular muscle (EOM) pulleys constrain EOM paths. During visual fixation with head immobile, actively controlled pulleys are known to maintain positions causing EOM pulling directions to change by one-half the change in eye position. This pulley behavior is consistent with Listing's law (LL) of ocular torsion as observed during fixation, saccades, and pursuit. However, pulley beh...

By Michael T Pulley MD PhD (Dr. Pulley of the University of Florida, Jacksonville has received consulting fees from Walgreens Home Infusion.) Alan R Berger MD (Dr. Berger of the University of Florida, Jacksonville and the Neuroscience Institute at Shands Jacksonville has no relevant financial relationships to disclose.) Originally released December 3, 1999; last updated April 12, 2017; expires ...

PURPOSE Connective tissue pulleys inflect the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and receive insertions from some fibers. The authors investigated insertions and anatomic relationships of fiber fascicles within rectus EOMs to clarify the relationship to their pulleys. METHODS Two human and two monkey orbits were removed intact, serially sectioned in the coronal plane, histologically stained, and digi...

There are few reported cases of flexor tendon sheath ganglion arising from the A2 pulley. We report a case of a flexor tendon sheath ganglion in a 17-year old female who presented with pain, triggering and a swelling at the base of her right ring finger. During the excision biopsy, a ganglion measuring 0.5×0.8×0.4 cm in size was removed from the A2 pulley area.

Abstract The noncircular synchronous belt drive mechanism has demonstrated certain achievements and been used in special fields. Research regarding mechanisms focused on optimization design kinematic analysis China, whereas two pulley transmissions have developed overseas. However, owing to the characteristics of pulley, real-time variation length slack during transmission is significant, resul...

A displaced Long Head of Biceps (LHB) tendon is commonly encountered in association with subscapularis rotator cuff tears. Management options for the displaced tendon consist of tenotomy, tenodesis or relocation with reconstruction of the biceps pulley. We present 16 patients in whom LHB relocation and reconstruction of the biceps pulley, was performed in association with subscapularis rotator ...

INTRODUCTION Congenital trigger thumb is an uncommon anomaly of children. Its management is controversial, ranging from observation to extensive surgical release. We report a case of delayed presentation of bilateral trigger thumb along with a brief review of past literature. CASE REPORT A six year old girl presented with fixed flexion deformity of interphalangeal joints of both thumbs and No...

Three experiments were conducted to study on a more fine-grained level how processing a picture facilitates learning from text. In Experiment 1 (N 1⁄4 85), results from a drawing task revealed that the global spatial structure of a pulley system picture was extracted even from its brief inspection (for 600 ms, 2 s). In Experiment 2 (N 1⁄4 105), students who initially inspected the pulley system...

Annular pulley injury of fingers is usually observed in rock climbers who support their entire body weight with flexed fingers during climbing. But these lesions can also follow trivial trauma, such as lifting heavy objects with the fingertips, or during sports and recreational activities. The A2 and A4 pulleys are most usually involved and reported most frequently. However, traumatic A1 pulley...