BACKGROUND Almost all patients under general anesthesia for surgery need mechanical ventilation. The harmful effects of short-term intra-operative ventilation on pulmonary integrity are increasingly recognized. Recent investigations suggest protection against so-called ventilation-associated lung injury with the use of lower tidal volumes and/or the use of higher levels of positive end-expirato...

background neonatology has evolved with respect to the needs of premature infants for special care. one of the major problems in premature infants is that their lungs are not developed adequately to fulfill newborns’ needs. there is a broad spectrum of strategies for management of respiratory problems in premature infants. in this study, we aimed to determine the best strategies against respira...

The breathing pattern of many different air-breathing vertebrates, including lungfish, anuran amphibians, turtles, crocodiles and snakes, is characterized by brief periods of lung ventilation interspersed among apnoeas of variable duration. These intermittent ventilatory cycles are associated with characteristic increases in pulmonary blood flow and tachycardia. In animals with central vascular...

Introduction Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is responsible for injuries to the alveolar epithelium and microvascular endothelium resulting in hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Beneficial effects resulting from protective lung ventilation are counterbalanced by deleterious hemodynamic effects. Indeed, hypercapnia resulting from ven...

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) play an important role in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), but the mechanisms of pulmonary PMN recruitment, particularly early intravascular PMN sequestration during VILI, have not been elucidated. We investigated the physiological and molecular mechanisms of pulmonary PMN sequestration in an in vivo mouse model of VILI. Anesthetized C57/BL6 mice were ve...

OBJECTIVE Pulmonary embolism is a major cause of maternal death. The work up for suspected pulmonary embolism is complex, with many potential diagnostic options. We performed a cost analysis to evaluate which of several diagnostic strategies was the most cost-effective with the least number of deaths from pulmonary embolism. STUDY DESIGN We created a decision tree to evaluate the following st...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic nonhypercapnic respiratory failure unrelated to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiogenic pulmonary edema. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and bibliographies of articles were retrieved inception until June 2016. STUDY SELECTION Random...

BACKGROUND Positive-pressure mechanical ventilation is essential in assisting patients with respiratory failure in the intensive care unit and facilitating oxygenation in the operating room. However, it was also recognized as a primary factor leading to hospital-acquired pulmonary dysfunction, in which pulmonary oxidative stress and lung inflammation had been known to play important roles. Cu/Z...

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a rare idiopathic lung disease characterized by the accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material within the alveoli, which impairs gas transfer and decreases the ventilation/perfusion ratio, and can lead to respiratory failure. Whole lung lavage is the most effective therapy for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, but may not be tolerated by patients with severe resp...

Although recent high-resolution studies demonstrate the importance of nongravitational determinants for both pulmonary blood flow and ventilation distributions, posture has a clear impact on whole lung gas exchange. Deterioration in arterial oxygenation with repositioning from prone to supine posture is caused by increased heterogeneity in the distribution of ventilation-to-perfusion ratios. Th...