Public private partnerships (PPP) are long lasting contracts, generally involving large sunk investments, and developed in contexts of great uncertainty. If uncertainty is taken as an assumption, rather as a threat, it could be used as an opportunity. This requires managerial flexibility. The paper addresses the concept of contract flexibility as well as the several possibilities for its incorp...

We reformulate the heavy quark effective theory in the presence of a residual mass term, which has been taken to vanish in previous analyses. While such a convention is permitted, the inclusion of a residual mass allows us to resolve a potential ambiguity in the choice of the expansion parameter which defines the effective theory. We show to subleading order in the mass expansion that physical ...

Cell monolayers on culture dishes were divided into two groups: tensile monolayers and non-tensile ones. In the development of an epithelium, a non-tensile cell monolayer turns into a tightly bound tensile one. Detection of these states was carried out by using the boundary shortening procedure, a computer-based geometrical method to show how much the polygonal cell boundary contracts. Non-tens...

This paper constructs an emergency quantity discount contract to explore the inherent law of coordinating supply chain with stochastic market demand and price risk-averse supplier. Meanwhile, conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) risk measure criterion is revised study influence supplier’s aversion attitude on coordination. The results show that supplier will cause bifurcation relevant factors in un...

We present a planning model for chemical commodities related to an industry case. Commodities are standard chemicals characterized by sales and supply volatility in volume and value. Increasing and volatile prices of crude oil-dependent raw materials require coordination of sales and supply decisions by volume and value throughout the value chain to ensure profitability. Contract and spot deman...

We reformulate the heavy quark effective theory in the presence of a residual mass term, which has been taken to vanish in previous analyses. While such a convention is permitted, the inclusion of a residual mass allows us to resolve a potential ambiguity in the choice of the expansion parameter which defines the effective theory. We show to subleading order in the mass expansion that physical ...

As technology infrastructure becomes available for electronic exchange of contracts, the IT community is becoming more interested in modeling of contracts as governance structures for inter-organisational interactions and business processes. This paper investigates e-contract modeling and monitoring. Subsquently, we propose a contract layered model that allows for the convenient monitoring of m...

We examine how the feasibility of both nonlinear pricing and exclusive dealing arrangements affect incentives for market foreclosure when two manufacturers contract with a retail monopolist. Surprisingly, we find that although market foreclosure equilibria exist, they are Pareto-dominated (from each manufacturer’s perspective) by all nonforeclosure equilibria. If one believes that Paretodominat...

Supply contracts are a medium for coordinating materials and information flows in supply chains aiming at reducing uncertainties, order variances, delivery lead times, and inventory risks with increased fill rates. Practitioners were always up-front involved in designing and negotiating clauses of so called quantity flexibility contracts. Meanwhile researchers have proved the advantage of such ...

Despite courts’ and commentators’ denial of morality and focus on efficiency in contract law, fairness and flexibility have remained the bedrocks of the unconscionability doctrine. This Article therefore departs from the popular formalist critiques of unconscionability that urge for the doctrine’s demise or constraint based on claims that its flexibility and lack of clear definition threaten ef...