We have made hitherto nearly 1000 determinations of the intensity of solar radiation outside the atmosphere at mean solar distance, termed the solar constant of radiation. The mean value found is 1.93 calories per square centimeter per minute. Langley's spectro-bolometric method was employed. This consists in determining the distribution of the energy in the solar spectrum at different solar ze...

CONTEXT Asthma is a major cause of morbidity in the United States. Self-management of asthma requires access to appropriate equipment. Clinical experience in an inner-city practice suggests that families encounter difficulties in filling prescriptions for spacers/holding chambers, peak flow (PF) meters, and nebulizer machines. OBJECTIVES To determine whether Bronx, NY, pharmacies (1) carry sp...

1. introduction although solar energy is one of the important renewable, free and clean energy sources, constant exposure to the sun, especially uv radiation, can lead to some problems. these problems include skin diseases, loss of pregnancy, permanent or temporary infertility, and cataracts (strom, 2003), weak immunity system, and an increased risk of diseases especially in children (hoyos-bac...

Calculations and some preliminary experiments suggest that an early methane atmosphere would have been polymerized by solar ultraviolet radiation in geologically short periods of time. An oil slick 1 to 10 meters thick could have been produced in this way and might well have been of considerable importance in the development of life.

Glacier variation is one of the best indicators of climate change in mountainous environment. In French Alps, many temporal data are acquired by glaciologists at glaciers scale: geometrical parameters (surface area, thickness, length and front altitude) are surveyed since the end of the 19th century. Those parameters are necessary to estimate the mass-balance of glaciers and, then, an accurate ...

Colonial diazotrophic cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium are thought to play a significant role in the input of new nitrogen to upper layers of the tropical and subtropical oceanic ecosystems that cover nearly half of Earth's surface. Here we describe results of a transatlantic survey in which a noninvasive underwater digital microscope (the video plankton recorder), was towed across the ...

The 120,000 X-ray sources detected in the RASS II processing of the ROSAT All-Sky Survey are correlated with the 14,315 IRAS galaxies selected from the IRAS Point Source Catalogue: 372 IRAS galaxies show X-ray emission within a distance of 100 arcsec from the infrared position. By inspecting the structure of the Xray emission in overlays on optical images we quantify the likelihood that the X-r...

Two different survey-meters are used to measure the gamma dose rate inthe area of oil and gas production Thi-Qar province, southeast Iraq. The obtained results compared with those previously by spectroscopic analysis collected soil samples from same study regions.The using RadEye (PRD) survey-meter was ranged (0.06-0.19)nGyh-1, while Ludlum survey meter were ranged(10.23-33.48) nGyh-1. Gamma sh...