The radiative constraints on the partitioning of the surface energy budget and, hence, on the strength of the hydrological cycle are analyzed in an idealized one-dimensional radiative–convective equilibrium model formulated in terms of the energy budgets at the top of the atmosphere, the subcloud layer, and the free atmosphere, which enables it to predict both surface relative humidity and the ...

The aim of this paper is to retrieve the temperature-dependent refractive index distribution in parallel-plane semi-transparent media with combined conduction-radiation heat transfer, by measurement exit intensities over boundaries. finite volume method combination discrete ordinates used solve energy equation. results direct solution for both linear-spatially and linear-temperature-dependent d...

Simulations of black hole accretion have shown that magnetic stresses are present near and inside the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO). This finding suggests that such flows may be more luminous than predicted by the standard accretion disk model. Here we apply a prescription for heat dissipation within the simulated accretion flows to estimate their implied radiative efficiency. We assum...

Lyα line emission from the Loeb-Rybicki (LR) halo, which is the expanding HI IGM (intergalactic medium) around the first star clusters and the ionized interstellar medium, is investigated by solving a radiative transfer problem. While the initial scattering optical depth is ∼ 10 for the Lyα photons, most of the Lyα photons can escape when the cumulative frequency-shift due to the expansion of t...

in this paper, the effects of baffle on thermal characteristics of combined convection-radiation heat transfer in laminar flow adjacent to an inclined backward facing step (bfs) in a horizontal duct are investigated. a baffle is mounted on the top wall of channel downstream side of step. in this study, the fluid is treated as a gray, absorbing, emitting and scattering medium; therefore, in the ...

Context. Recent results from interferometry and asteroseismology require models of rapidly rotating stars that are more and more precise. Aims. We describe the basic structure and the hydrodynamics of a fully radiative star as a preliminary step towards more realistic models of rotating stars. Methods. We consider a solar mass of perfect gas enclosed in a spherical container. The gas is self-gr...

The effect of aerosol on clouds poses one of the largest uncertainties in estimating the anthropogenic contribution to climate change. Small human-induced perturbations to cloud characteristics via aerosol pathways can create a change in the top-of-atmosphere radiative forcing of hundreds of Wm−2. Here we focus on links between aerosol and deep convective clouds of the Atlantic and Pacific Inte...

We present observations of 15 massive cores in three different CS transitions from the FCRAO 14m and the KOSMA 3m telescope. We derive physical parameters of these cores using different approaches to the line radiative transfer problem. The local radiative transfer approximations fail to provide reliable values except for the column densities. A self-consistent explanation of the observed line ...

Context. Recent results of interferometry and asteroseismology require more and more precise models of rapidly rotating stars. Aims. We describe the basic structure and the hydrodynamics of a fully radiative star as a preliminary step towards more realistic models of rotating stars. Methods. We consider a solar mass of perfect gas enclosed in a spherical container. The gas is self-gravitating a...

this paper investigates the radiative absorptivity of a spherical cavity by using monte carlo techniques. several parameters such as the angle of incoming radiation which inters the cavity for both diffuse wall cavity and specular wall cavity has been  investigated. the absorptivity of a spherical cavity has been calculated and compared with the exact values when the angle of incoming radiation...