Epidemiologists have long regarded relative risk (RR) as a key measure of association between two binary variables. Yet even when the sample is representative of the population, associations having a RR > 9 may have a relatively small value for Phi (φ < .3). This paper provide additional reasons for using RR instead of φ. (1) Formulas relating φ and RR are derived. A relative φ 2 is constructed...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To explore the rapid rise of the extremely old population, showing the magnitude of the increase and identifying demographic mechanisms underlying this increase. DESIGN Demographic analysis using census data, yearly population estimates, and mortality statistics. SETTING Switzerland 1860-2001. MAIN RESULTS Indicators suggest a strong increase in the number of nonagenarians...

LAURIE BALL COOPER & ANA VOHRYZEK INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 308 I. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE D.C. HOMELESS POPULATION ........................................................ 312 A. Characteristics of D.C.’s Homeless Population Based on the 2015 Point-in-Time Survey ..... 3...

Evolutionary and ecological dynamics have usually been thought to influence each other asymmetrically. Evolutionary changes are usually a consequence of the environment while they occur over timescales that are too long to affect the dynamics of population size in the short term (Schoener, 2011). Therefore, most ecological models ignore evolutionary changes in the conspecific or other species, ...

Rapid urbanization compounded by urban poverty is one of the main challenges facing many Sub-Saharan African countries. The Buea municipality 10th largest city in Cameroon and equally faces such problems brought about unplanned development past four decades. In 2020, population growth rate rose to 42% compared 5.6% 2005, especially peri-urban areas. This resulted direct indirect pressures on av...