background: in radiation therapy, water is the phantom material of choice, both for reference and for relative dosimetry measurements. solid phantoms, however, are more useful for routine measurements because they tend to be more robust and easier to set up than water phantoms. materials and methods: fluka input data cards have been arranged in sequential order. a simple cylindrical geometry wi...

background: although ionizing radiation is widely used to diagnose many diseases, the relevant hazards are known to be as an important limitation of its application. it is believed that the awareness of ionizing radiation dose values is one of the main stages in patient's radiation protection. the purpose of this study has been to investigate the level of physicians' knowledge about r...

Problem statement: Diagnosis x-ray radiation safety is key in medical examination. The quantity of patient radiation doses is beneficial for radiation protection of the patient. It was proposed that the equation for estimating the output (milliReongent, mR) from x-ray machines. Approach: A was 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0 for single phase, three phases and high frequency x-ray machines, respectively. To co...

exposure to radiation from different types of television sets was measured to ascertain the levels of hazards posed to the human biological system. measurement of the annual radiation dose hazards was performed using a halogen-quenched gm tube with thin mica end window having a density of 1.5 mg/cm2, effective window diameter of 0.360 inch and side wall of 0.012 inch thick. the gm tube was plac...

Introduction: Most of people are exposed to ionizing radiation sources during their lifetime including background, cosmic or man-made beams like radiation used in nuclear medicine and radiology. Due to unavoidable use of ionizing radiation in diagnosis and treatment of diseases, designing and correct implementation of radiation protection principles in order to reducing its har...