Femtosecond X-ray pulses from X-ray free-electron laser sources make it feasible to conduct room-temperature solution scattering experiments far below molecular rotational diffusion timescales. Owing to the ultra-short duration of each snapshot in these fluctuation scattering experiments, the particles are effectively frozen in space during the X-ray exposure. In contrast to standard small-angl...

The quality of images obtained from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is important in diagnosis and treatment planning for dental and maxillofacial applications. However, X-ray scattering inside a human head is one of the main factors that cause a drop in image quality, especially in the CBCT system with a wide-angle cone-beam X-ray source and a large area detector. In this study, the X-ray ...

X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) are promising tools for structural determination of macromolecules via coherent x-ray scattering. During ultrashort and ultraintense x-ray pulses with an atomic-scale wavelength, samples are subject to radiation damage and possibly become highly ionized, which may influence the quality of x-ray scattering patterns. We develop a toolkit to treat detailed ionizat...

We use published ROSAT observations of the X-ray Nova V1974 Cygni 1992 to test a model for interstellar dust, consisting of a mixture of carbonaceous grains and silicate grains. The time-dependent X-ray emission from the nova is modelled as the sum of emission from a ONe white dwarf plus a thermal plasma, and X-ray scattering is calculated for a dust mixture with a realistic size distribution. ...

Visualising chemical reactions by X-ray methods is a tantalising prospect. New light sources provide the prospect for studying atomic, electronic and energy transfers accompanying chemical change by X-ray spectroscopy and inelastic scattering. Here we assess how this adventure can illuminate inorganic and catalytic chemistry. In particular X-ray inelastic scattering provides a means of exploiti...

We have reanalysed the ASCA X-ray spectrum of the bright symbiotic star CH Cyg, which exhibits apparently distinct hard and soft X-ray components. Our analysis demonstrates that the soft X-ray emission can be interpreted as scattering of the hard X-ray component in a photo-ionised medium surrounding the white dwarf. This is in contrast to previous analyses in which the soft X-ray emission was f...