We are currently developing a translation aid system specially designed for Englishto-Japanese volunteer translators working mainly online. In this paper we introduce the stratified reference lookup interface that has been incorporated into the source text area of the system, which distinguishes three user awareness levels depending on the type and nature of the reference unit. The different aw...

A recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 Reference Standard Material (rAAV2 RSM) has been produced and characterized with the purpose of providing a reference standard for particle titer, vector genome titer, and infectious titer for AAV2 gene transfer vectors. Production and purification of the reference material were carried out by helper virus-free transient transfection and chromatog...

The problem of testing modular systems against algebraic specifications is discussed. We focus on systems where the decomposition into parts is specified by a Casl-style architectural specification and the parts (units) are developed separately, perhaps by an independent supplier. We consider how to test such units without reference to their context of use. This problem is most acute for generi...

This paper explores approaches to the problem of spoken document retrieval (SDR), which is the task of automatically indexing and then retrieving relevant items from a large collection of recorded speech messages in response to a user specified natural language text query. We investigate the use of subword unit representations for SDR as an alternative to words generated by either keyword spott...

Establishing an e↵ective engineering discipline always requires standardized and comparable units of measurement. Such measurements serve as a means of communication between the people and machines interacting with a project, ensure compatibility between components, and allow prediction of the results of design decisions. Regulating gene expression is foundational for organism engineering, and ...

The agar dilution (Waksman, 1943) and the agar diffusion (Foster and Woodruff, 1943b) methods of assay of streptothricin and streptomycin are the procedures most commonly employed and have led to what Waksman calls "dilution units" (Waksman, 1943) and "diffusion units" (Schatz, Bugie, and Waksman, 1944). However, in addition, Waksman speaks of "Escherichia coli units," or "Bacillus subtilis uni...