Background We aimed to investigate the expression levels of multidrug resistance gene 1 (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) and multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in peripheral blood of patients with refractory epilepsy. Methods Patients with epilepsy (n=24) and those with refractory epilepsy (n=24) were selected, and 30 normal volunteers were enrolled as control....

According to the American Epilepsy Society, more than three million Americans live with epilepsy [1]. Availability of numerous antiepileptic drugs has not substantially reduced the proportion of patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Their quality of life and therapeutic response to currently available medications remains poor. Patients need new treatments that control seizures and have f...

According to the American Epilepsy Society, more than three million Americans live with epilepsy [1]. Availability of numerous antiepileptic drugs has not substantially reduced the proportion of patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Their quality of life and therapeutic response to currently available medications remains poor. Patients need new treatments that control seizures and have f...

According to the American Epilepsy Society, more than three million Americans live with epilepsy [1]. Availability of numerous antiepileptic drugs has not substantially reduced the proportion of patients with medically refractory epilepsy. Their quality of life and therapeutic response to currently available medications remains poor. Patients need new treatments that control seizures and have f...

Epigenetics underlying refractory epilepsy is poorly understood, especially in patients without distinctive genetic alterations. DNA methylation may affect gene expression in epilepsy without affecting DNA sequences. Herein, we analyzed genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression in brain tissues of 10 patients with refractory epilepsy using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation linked with se...

Epilepsy comprises a set of neurologic and systemic disorders characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures, and is the most frequent chronic neurologic disorder. In patients with medically refractory epilepsy, therapeutic options are limited to ablative brain surgery, trials of experimental antiepileptic drugs, or palliative surgery. Vagal nerve stimulation is an available palliative procedu...

Clarification of refractory epilepsy mechanisms is of great significance for its precise diagnosis and adequate therapeutic approach. This review presents current hypotheses of refractory epilepsy formation: 1. Hypothesis of genetic factors; 2. Hypothesis of multi-drug transporters; 3. Target hypothesis; 4. Hypothesis of mechanisms related to antiepileptic drugs – development of tolerance and i...

BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by epileptic seizures as a result of excessive neuronal activity in the brain. Approximately 65 million people worldwide suffer from epilepsy; 20-40% of them are refractory to medication therapy. Early detection of disease is crucial in the management of patients with epilepsy. Correct localization of the ictal onset zone is associate...

background the x-linked cyclin-dependent kinase like 5 (cdkl5/stk9) gene has been shown to be responsible for a severe encephalopathy condition characterized by early onset of epilepsy and severe developmental delay. cdkl5 mutations have been shown to be more frequent among female patients. results here we report a 6- month male patient, second child of a healthy non consanguineous in the irani...