The present work explored the effects of reward in the well-known global effect paradigm in which two objects appear simultaneously in close spatial proximity. The experiment consisted of three phases (i) a pre-training phase that served as a baseline, (ii) a reward-training phase to associate differently colored stimuli with high, low and no reward value, and (iii) a post-training phase in whi...

Computing certain answers is the preferred way of answering queries in scenarios involving incomplete data. This, however, is computationally expensive, so practical systems use efficient techniques based on a particular three-valued logic, although this often leads to

This paper shows the best operators for sumof-products expressions. We first describe conditions of functions for product and sum operations. We examine all two-variable functions and select those that meet the conditions and then evaluate the number of product terms needed in the minimum sum-of-products expressions when each combination of selected product and sum functions is used. As a resul...

it is firstly proved that the multi-input-single-output (miso) fuzzy systems based on interval-valued $r$- and $s$-implications can approximate any continuous function defined on a compact set to arbitrary accuracy.  a formula to compute the lower upper bounds on the number  of interval-valued fuzzy sets needed to achieve a pre-specified approximation  accuracy for an arbitrary multivariate con...

Invariant set theory is an important tool in the control theory. It has rich history that goes back over a century, yet it is still an active research topic both in pure mathematics and theoretical engineering. It is easy to reduce a traditional discrete-time control dynamical system to an iterative dynamics of one endomorphism in the phase space. It is not easy to do the same in the presence o...

Based on self-categorization theory, group status should be positively related to group prototypicality when the relevant superordinate category is positively valued. In this case, high status groups should be perceived to be more prototypical than low status groups even in the absence of concerns about maintaining a positive social identity. To test this hypothesis, a minimal group study was c...

Reducing agents-Enhanced electrokinetic Soil Remediation (EKSR) was performed for the removal of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) from contaminated soil. The reducing agents oxalic acid and ascorbic acid were investigated under constant voltage gradient (2.0 V/cm), current changes, pH, redox potential, concentration changes and removal performance of Heavy Metals (HMs). The result...

Two studies with the same goal, but different instruments, investigated correlation between basic personality traits and electrodermal reactivity to aversive visual stimuli. Study 1 focused on Five Factor Model traits, while in 2, we HEXACO model, an additional trait, Disintegration. In 1, emotional was expressed using Polyscore, a composite polygraph measure which response (EDR) had largest we...

this paper is an attempt to generalize, simultaneously, the ring of real-valued continuous functions and the ring of real-valued measurable functions.