The thyroid dysfunction, which is quite prevalent in the population, affects many organs including male and female gonads, thus interfering with the human reproductive physiology. Prolactin has suppressive effect on the pituitary –ovarian axis and may result in amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea due to anovulatory cycles. Hyperprolactinemia is a common problem in reproductive dysfunction, affecting a...

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis systems are inversely related in humans and animals. Although livestock animals, such as sheep (Ovis aries), tend to be well adapted to their environment, it is known that the livestock production processes subject animals to a multitude of physical and psychological stressful stimuli that have the p...

Up to 15% of the reproductive population is infertile, and 3 to 5% of these cases are caused by uterine dysfunction. This abnormality generally leads women to consider surrogacy or adoption. Uterine transplantation, although still experimental, may be an option in these cases. This systematic review will outline the recommendations, surgical aspects, immunosuppressive drugs and reproductive asp...

Here we review the recent literature on pelvic floor dysfunction, which is increasingly common in women of reproductive age and represents a significant medical problem occurring as result injured ligaments. Pelvic dysfunction largely associated with vaginal delivery might lead to urinary fecal incontinence well organ prolapse. Intraabdominal hypertension, nerve damage, obesity, genetic predisp...

Globally, fish production in the wild is decreasing, and different aquaculture systems are presently being used for broodstock development captivity. Seasonally, raised captivity exhibit form of reproductive dysfunction at level brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis. Primarily, vitellogenic completion final oocyte maturation inhibited females, males fail to spermiate spontaneously Reproductive dysfu...

OBJECTIVE To highlight the recent developments in the field of menstrual function in sports and to provide an overview of our current understanding in regard to the pathophysiology, evaluation and management strategies of exercise-related reproductive dysfunction. DESIGN A PUBMED search was carried out and all articles published from 1980 to 2010 with title words related to exercise, athletes...