Mortality from collisions with vessels is one of the main human causes of death for large whales. Ship strikes are rarely witnessed and the distribution of strike risk and estimates of mortality remain uncertain at best. We estimated ship strike mortality for blue humpback and fin whales in U.S. West Coast waters using a novel application of a naval encounter model. Mortality estimates from the...

PURPOSE This retrospective study tests if runners who habitually forefoot strike have different rates of injury than runners who habitually rearfoot strike. METHODS We measured the strike characteristics of middle- and long-distance runners from a collegiate cross-country team and quantified their history of injury, including the incidence and rate of specific injuries, the severity of each i...

PURPOSE To determine prevalence of heel strike in a midsize city marathon, if there is an association between foot-strike classification and race performance, and if there is an association between foot-strike classification and gender. METHODS Foot-strike classification (forefoot, midfoot, heel, or split strike), gender, and rank (position in race) were recorded at the 8.1-km mark for 2112 r...

People have advocated barefoot running, claiming that it is better suited to human nature. Humans usually run barefoot using a forefoot strike and run shod using a heel strike. The striking pattern was thought to be a key factor that contributes to the benefit of barefoot running. The purpose of this study is to use scientific data to prove that the striking pattern is more important than baref...

We consider the problem of finding bounds on the value of fixed-strike and floatingstrike Asian options. A good lower bound for both types was derived in Rogers & Shi (1995). We provide an alternative derivation, which leads to a simpler expression for the bound, and also to the bound given by Curran (1992) for fixed-strike options; we derive an analogous bound for floating-strike options. Comb...

We prove a symmetry relationship between floating-strike and fixed-strike Asian options for assets driven by general Lévy processes using a change of numéraire and the characteristic triplet of the dual process. We apply the same technique to prove a similar relationship between floating-strike and fixed-strike lookback options.