Continued decline of eastern hemlock forests associated with infestations of hemlock woolly adelgid will bring about major ecological changes. The plant species most likely to expand in declining hemlock stands are mainly hardwoods and invasive alien species that will not provide habitat or ecological functions anything like those of eastern hemlock. Defoliation and mortality of hemlock forests...

Streams are infinite sequences over a given data type. A stream specification is a set of equations intended to define a stream. We propose a transformation from such a stream specification to a term rewriting system (TRS) in such a way that termination of the resulting TRS implies that the stream specification is well-defined, that is, admits a unique solution. As a consequence, proving well-d...

We propose a model, called a deliberation structure model, that represents streams of relevant messages in email communication. The deliberation structure model treats e-mail messages that include several topics and uses tree structure, called deliberation trees, that are based on Clark’s contribution trees to represent message structure. Deliberation trees are useful to visualize the message s...

This paper presents a new method to calculate the freshwater target for water using networks with single contaminant. The pinch point is determined by exploiting one of the features of water-pinch-analysis: freshwater is only necessary below the pinch. With the known pinch point, the calculation of the freshwater target becomes very simple, especially for the networks with many streams. The res...

Fig trees (Ficus) are often ecologically significant keystone species because they sustain populations of the many seed-dispersing animals that feed on their fruits. They are prominent components of riparian zones where they may also contribute to bank stability as well as supporting associated animals. The diversity and distributions of riparian fig trees in deciduous and evergreen forests in ...

Many urban streams have vanished from the surface as a collateral effect of growth. Often, these buried been forgotten, and only street names remind us their existence. Reasons for stream burial include gain space road or house construction use water to transport wastewater. Today, restoration efforts bring back fully canalized restore bed (so-called daylighting) are being increasingly integrat...

Semiaquatic flies (Diptera, Nematocera) are an ecologically important and species rich group of insects within the boreal and arctic biomes. Community structure, species richness and abundance of semiaquatic flies were studied in three habitat types (aapa mires, springs and headwater streams), totaling 19 study sites, within the subalpine ecoregion of northern boreal Finland. Concordance of sem...

In December 2016, Hawai‘i saw its last sugar harvest on a 36,000-acre plantation in Maui. the preceding decades, Native Hawaiians had struggled to regain their water rights from failing industry that dewatered island's streams for centuries. Now, with end of sugar, Hawaiian and environmental groups are working restore traditional practices diversified agriculture—goals which hinge upon changing...