One of the biggest obstacles to economic profitability of solar water heating systems is the investment cost. Retrofitting existing domestic hot water heaters when a new solar hot water system is installed can reduce both the installation and material costs. In this study, retrofitting existing water heaters for solar water heating systems in Swedish single-family houses was theoretically inves...

In times of recession, expert systems supporting environmental managers undergo a revival. However, the retrofitting of sustainable water structures is currently undertaken ad hoc using engineering experience supported by minimal formal guidance. There is a lack of practical decision tools that can be used by different professions for the rapid assessment of ecosystem services that can be creat...

Received: December 19, 2016 Revised: February 06, 2017 Accepted: March 20, 2017 Abstract: Introduction: Seismic isolation has been proven to be an efficient approach to seismic retrofitting of structures based on the concept of reducing the seismic forces by lengthening the structural fundamental vibration period. However, superstructures may collide with each other under seismic excitation as ...

Today many substations exist with a multitude of different communication systems and architectures. Extension and retrofitting of stations are natural opportunities to introduce the IEC61850. It can be that an extended part of a substation is equipped with the new standard and then need to be integrated into the older part that is based on presently available communications. When retrofitting a...

This paper assesses the impact of French policies for residential space-heating energy consumption, both enacted (tax credits for the purchase of energy efficient durables, soft loans for retrofitting actions, stringent building codes) and anticipated (carbon tax, retrofitting obligation). It uses a hybrid energy-economy model incorporating specific features of energy conservation, notably the ...

Text: Recently, Minagawa proposed a knowledge refinement method for crack diagnostic expert system. The inference engine was constructed for a reciprocal network based on min-max composition algorithm. The knowledge refinement function was installed into the engine by using the concept of back propagation algorithm. First the inference and refinement method are applied to the rule-base system f...

Estimation of semantic similarity and relatedness between biomedical concepts has utility for many informatics applications. Automated methods fall into two categories: methods based on distributional statistics drawn from text corpora, and methods using the structure of existing knowledge resources. Methods in the former category disregard taxonomic structure, while those in the latter fail to...

Most information visualization systems incorporate little or no specific support for collaboration. Yet, collaboration has been identified as a means to deal with the increasing amount and complexity of information available to analysts. Re-implementing existing applications to fully incorporate our current understanding of computer supported cooperative work could be exhaustive, time consuming...

Old machines often breakdown unpredictably increasing your expenses through maintenance costs and lost production. In the present era various modern technologies are been emerging in field of manufacturing which proven to be disruptive. For established industries their machine tools sometimes it is difficult cope up with current scenario. Hence retrofitting an term where improvisation old setup...