Abstract Passages from the recently excavated Guodian manuscripts bear a surprising resemblance to position ascribed Gaozi and his followers in Mengzi at 6A4-5, namely that righteousness is “external.” Although such has been noted, philosophical implications of it for debate between and, by extension, Mengzian ethics have largely unexplored. I argue Guodian-inspired reading 6A4-5 one takes be a...

The term “reform” has been subjected to much confusion and intellectual tampering by some of those defeated Western civilization. So they emptied the reform its legal content made it a cover for (distortion religion) (nullification Sharia); Until (reform) arouses suspicion, apprehension anxiety among general public Muslims.There is no doubt that righteousness goal required servants in belief, w...

Augustine was suspicious of charismatics‘ claims to superior righteousness, which supposedly authorized them to relay truths about creation and redemption. What follows finds the origins of that suspicion in his disenchantment with celebrities on whom Manichees relied, specialists whose impeccable behavior and intellectual virtuosity were taken as signs that they possessed insight into the mean...

Texans are often presented as self-righteousness, simpleminded, and big-mouthed individualists. Despite this individualist stance, by believing in law and order they are supposed to have their own way of authoritativeness. Operationalizing the love for authority, it is demonstrated empirically that these prevalent stereotypes about Texans are unfounded. There are two reasons for the prevalence ...