Recently, human casualties and property damage caused by natural disasters have increased worldwide. Among these disasters, flood is affected season. Depending on the concentration of precipitation in summer, heavy rainfall can occur, thus resulting typhoons, floods, damage. To prevent such damages, appropriate measures research are being conducted response to disasters. When a flash occurs, sa...

Occupants in building fires usually have difficulties to evacuate safely, and providing guidance may help them select proper routes. However, groups of occupants not follow because they make their own decisions are affected by psychological factors. Their reactions should therefore be considered an emergency system. Most existing studies assumed that would guidance, congestions might occur if s...