This paper uses a static and dynamic gravity model of trade to investigate the link between German development aid and exports from Germany to the recipient countries. The findings indicate that in the long run German aid is associated with an increase in exports of goods that is larger than the aid flow, with a point estimate of 140 percent of the aid given. In addition, the evolution of the e...

This study uses the Gregory–Hansen cointegration method and vector error correction model in autoregression system to reveal how international trade contributes economic sustainability. The test for reveals a permanent equilibrium relation among sustainably growth, exports, imports shows that exports facilitate GDP growth accelerate improvements capability of long-run. causality between is unid...

This article employs cointegration and error-correction modelling to test the causal relationship between real income, exports and human capital stock using data for China over the period 1960 to 1999. We find that real exports, human capital and real income are cointegrated when real exports is the dependent variable, but are not cointegrated when human capital or real income are the dependent...

This paper examines equilibrium relationships and dynamic causality between economic growth, exports, imports in Nepal using time-series data 1965 2020. research the impact of exports on growth documents empirical evidence exports-led imports-led growth-led hypotheses both short long run. The test results show no favoring However, study finds supporting hypothesis term term. Overall, this favor...

This study examines the dynamic relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and total factor productivity having controlled for other channels of external openness: exports and imports in four ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand. We employ the panel data analysis PDA (fixed effect and dynamic panel models) as well as the panel cointegration and Granger causali...

Based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, this paper uses panel cointegration techniques to investigate the short and the long-run relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, renewable energy consumption and trade openness for a panel of 24 Sub-Saharan Africa countries over the period 1980-2010. The validity of the EKC hypothesis has not been supported for these countr...

The objective of this work is to present the structure and first simulation results of a post-keynesian macro-dynamic model for an industrialized and small open economy with floating exchange rates, imperfect mobility of capital, exports concentrated in primary goods, inflation target regime and two sectors. The model to be presented integrates both the real and financial aspects of post-keynes...

Primary commodities are important exports for Fiji, contributing around 60 to 65 percent to total export receipts. Prices of primary commodities have been very unstable, subject to both secular and temporary fluctuations, which in turn, has given rise to unevenness in the value of export earnings and reserve levels. To date, there has not been any empirical evidence on the influence of commodit...