for a long time, philosophers have considered contemplative knowledge and thinking to be the specific perfection of the human species. from this point of view, philosophers such as aristotle and avicenna thought that the act of thinking was the highest activity leading to man's happiness. on the contrary, illuminative philosophers and gnostics in the islamic world only considered speculati...

Sadra views essential defect of human soul, coverage, imitation or following the group and the effect of corporeality as the agents against the human system of reasoning and, therefore, lead to human inclination from ethical values. For Molla Sadra, nearly all of immoralities lie in the lack of knowledge and in the negligence caused by irrational powers dominating human system of reasoning. In ...

mulla sadra, as the founder of the transcendental philosophy, has special viewpoints on society. unlike those who believe that mulla sadra ignored society and paid his mere attention to the spiritual issues, he cared about the social situation of his time and proposed certain pathological guidelines to reform the society. in his opinion, the real problem was that those who truly deserved to rul...

one of the issues discussed in details in philosophy is the end of humanity after death (according to the tendency of immortality) and the survival of the human population or accepting death and invalidity with destruction of the body. philosophers such as ibn sina, suhrawardi and mulla sadra explain the stages and types of souls after death, and the immortality of them. ibn sina after al-farab...