Processing marine-mammal signals for species classi cation and monitoring of endangered marine mammals are problems that have recently attracted attention in the scienti c literature. For classi cation it has been proposed to use methods appropriate for non-stationary signals, such as time-frequency and time-scale analysis. This paper shows that a factor that can signi cantly a ect results from...

The use of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals reflected from the Earth’s surface has progressed from its beginnings in the early 1990’s to a demonstrated practical linkage of measurements to geophysical characteristics of ocean, ice and land surfaces. A pioneering space-based experiment was carried on the UK-DMC satellite launched in September of 2003. The GPS receiver on the sat...

Integrations of coupled climate models with mixed-layer and fixed-current ocean components are used to explore the climatic response to varying magnitudes of ocean circulation. Four mixed-layer ocean experiments without ocean heat transports are performed using two different atmosphere–land components—the new GFDL AM2 and the GFDL Manabe Climate Model (MCM)—and two different sea ice components,...

The European Space Agency SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission aims at obtaining global maps of both variables from space for large scale and climatic studies. It uses an L-band microwave interferometric radiometer with aperture synthesis (MIRAS) to measure brightness temperature (TB) emitted by the Earth surface and then compute from it the two geophysical parameters. The retrieval ...

The rates of marine deoxygenation leading to Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events are poorly recognized and constrained. If increases in primary productivity are the primary driver of these episodes, progressive oxygen loss from global waters should predate enhanced carbon burial in underlying sediments-the diagnostic Oceanic Anoxic Event relic. Thallium isotope analysis of organic-rich black shale...

The tropical Pacific Ocean is a climatically important region, home to El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. The simulation of its climate remains a challenge for global coupled ocean–atmosphere models, which suffer large biases especially in reproducing the observed meridional asymmetry across the equator in sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall. A basin ocean general circulation model is...

Ecological theory asserts that the climate of a region exerts top-down controls on regional ecosystem patterns and processes, across space and time. To provide empirical evidence of climatic controls, it would be helpful to define climatic regions that minimized variance in key climate attributes, within climatic regions—define the periods and features of climatic regimes, and then look for con...

Interest in climatic variability on time-scales of decades to centuries has grown rapidly in the last five years. Some of this interest has been engendered by the need to gain a better understanding of natural climatic variability in order to resolve more clearly the climatic signature of enhanced greenhouse warming. However, this focus on decadal and interdecadal fluctuations in climate has al...

Palaeoclimate records have revealed the presence of millennial-scale climate oscillations throughout the last glacial period1. Six periods of extreme cooling in the Northern Hemisphere—known as Heinrich events—were marked by an enhanced discharge of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean2,3, increasing the deposition of ice-rafted debris2. Increased sliding at the base of ice sheets as a result...

Climate modeling is one of the grand challenges of computational science, and ocean modeling plays an important role in both understanding the current climatic conditions and predicting future climate change. Three-dimensional time-dependent ocean models require a large amount of memory and processing time to be run for realistic simulations. Recent advances in computing hardware, particularly ...