We have developed a twoand three-dimensional simulation tool for a coupled electro-thermal analysis of VLSI interconnect lines, which uses the finite element method to solve Laplace's equation and the heat conduction equation. Thereby, triangular and tetrahedral grid elements with linear and quadratic shape functions are used. Two preprocessors allow a layer-based input of the simulation geomet...

The atmospheres of close-in extrasolar planets absorb most of the incident stellar radiation, advect this energy, then reradiate photons in preferential directions. Those photons carry away momentum, applying a force on the planet. Here we evaluate the resulting secular changes to the orbit, known as the Yarkovsky effect. For known transiting planets, typical fractional changes in semi-major ax...

The convection layer completes the transport of energy from the nuclear furnace at the center of the sun to its radiation into space by the photosphere, but most importantly for the solar wind it sets the temporal and spatial scales for the structure of the coronal magnetic field that in turn controls the properties of the solar wind. In this tutorial review we examine the properties of the fie...

The extensive review cited in the title discusses “a number of basic scientific questions relating to ion conduction in homogeneously disordered solids” J. C. Dyre et al., Rep. Prog. Phys. 72, 046501 2009 . Although it suggests answers to some of the questions raised, its main purpose is “to draw attention to the fact that this field of research still presents several fundamental challenges.” T...

Traps were used to quantify charcoal production and transport during three experimental forest fires in Boreal Scandinavia. The traps were spatially arranged to collect charcoal particles inside burn areas, and outside burn areas at different distances (0.1–100 m) from the fire edge. The number of inside and outside traps was 280 and 424, respectively. Trap area was 48 cm. After the burn, trap ...

of OPERATIONAL FIRES ON THE URBAN BATTLEFIELD: AN UNDERDEVELOPED CONCEPT The US military will continue to be confronted in asymmetric warfare by adversaries who establish their power centers in urban terrain. Recent history has demonstrated that US forces can defeat adversaries on the conventional battlefield through overwhelming tactical and operational fires. Specifically, the employment of o...