Background: Empirical inculcation is vital for producing quality research professionals and upon realizing the increasing demand of emerging scientific research professionals, National Academy of Young Scientist (NAYS) launched its science for youth (S4Y) program in Pakistan with its emphasis on empiricism. Methods: S4Y team was galvanized to undertake this task and different scientific activ...

This paper estimates science production functions for R&D-performing firms in the United States using scientific papers as the measure of output, by analogy with patents. The underlying evidence covers 200 top U.S. R&D firms during 1981-1999 as well as 110 top U.S. universities. We find that industrial science builds on past scientific research inside and outside the firm, with most of the retu...

An interesting problem in the economics of innovation and strategic management of labs is to explain the drivers of breakthroughs and paradigm shifts in science. This study confronts the issue by analysing a main case study: the technological determinant of the discovery of quasi-periodic materials that has generated a scientific paradigm shift in crystallography. Unlike user-friendly radical i...

In contrast to many other human endeavors, science pays little attention to its history. Fundamental scientific discoveries are often considered to be timeless and independent of how they were made. Science and the history of science are regarded as independent academic disciplines. Although most scientists are aware of great discoveries in their fields and their association with the names of i...

Progress in science relies nowadays on collaborative efforts of large communities. A single human being has no more the capacity to process all the information necessary to fully comprehend the experimental facts and implications of scientific experiments. We claim that this will result in a fundamental phase transition in how scientific results are obtained, represented, used, communicated and...

Scientific discoveries are often the result of methodical execution of many interrelated scientific workflows, where workflows and datasets published by one set of users can be used by other users to perform subsequent analyses, leading to implicit or explicit collaboration. In this paper, we describe a data model for “collaborative provenance” that extends common workflow provenance models by ...

The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 continues to raise expectations on near-term applications of human genome discoveries in personalized disease prevention, especially in the area of common chronic diseases (1,2). In fact, almost daily we are confronted with stories of scientific discoveries of human genetic variants that are suggested to affect our risks for one or more of the ...