During the Great War, the French surgeon Alexis Carrel, in collaboration with the English chemist Henry Dakin, devised an antiseptic treatment for infected wounds. This paper focuses on Carrel's attempt to standardise knowledge of infected wounds and their treatment, and looks closely at the vision of surgical skill he espoused and its difference from those associated with the doctrines of scie...

Scientific domains are characterized by substantial amounts of complex data, many unknowns, lack of complete theories, and rapid evolution. In many areas of decision making, much of the reasoning process is based on experience rather than on general knowledge. Experts remember positive cases for possible reuse of solutions, but negative cases are also useful for avoiding potentially unsuccessfu...

Complex scientific codes and the datasets they generate are in need of a sophisticated categorization environment that allows the community to store, search, and enhance metadata in an open, dynamic system. Currently, data is often presented in a read-only format, distilled and curated by a select group of researchers. We envision a more open and dynamic system, where authors can publish their ...