wiraqah as one of the common jobs among muslims had an important role in producing and popularity of the books. one who works in this occupation have called warraq (scribe, illuminator, bookbinder, etc. simultaneously). the first question comes to mind on this profession is how the wiraqah had begun as a job and who were the first warraqs. according to a common view, making paper by muslims was...

OBJECTIVES A four-stage model of the cigarette epidemic was proposed in 1994 to communicate the long delay between the widespread uptake of cigarette smoking and its full effects on mortality, as had been experienced in economically developed countries where cigarette smoking became entrenched decades earlier in men than in women. In the present work, the question of whether qualitative predict...

For the hundredth anniversary of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, we have invited various members of the community to recount here the impact that the Society, its annual meeting, and The Journal of Clinical Investigation have had on them. Their recollections provide a view of the changes that have occurred in academic medicine in general and for the physician-scientist in parti...

It is an honour and a privilege to have been invited to give the closing address for your twelfth annual national conference on “Weaving the new tapestry for oncology nurses: Our future is now.” I am sure each of us has a mental picture of a tapestry. I think of the many beautiful tapestries, truly works of art, in museums around the world, tapestries of heavy cloth woven with rich, varicolored...

since the second half of the first century ad onward, varicus verbal sects and religions began to flourish. one of the currents, thought was mutazelie that there was no desirable relations with shia until the middle of third century ad. therefore, at this point of times many leaders of two groups wrote so many refutuation in the case of each other, that their purpose of this action was to defen...