In this paper, the Gaussian source quantization is done by using three different quantization methods[1,2]. The Gaussian source is an optimal information source, with average power as a constraint. We analyzed Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) signal constellation obtained by means of different quantization methods for Gaussian channel. We quantized the Gaussian source applying the method given ...

Systems with constraints pose problems when they are quantized. Moreover, the Dirac procedure of quantization prior to reduction is preferred. The projection operator method of quantization, which can be most conveniently described by coherent state path integrals, enables one to directly impose a regularized form of the quantum constraints. This procedure also overcomes conventional difficulti...

Covariant quantization of the Nambu-Goto spinning particle in 2+1-dimensions is studied. The model is relevant in the context of recent activities in non-commutative space-time. From a technical point of view also covariant quantization of the model poses an interesting problem: the set of second class constraints (in the Dirac classification scheme) is reducible. The reducibil-ity problem is a...

The idea is pretty similar to the idea of extension from 1-dimension to 2-dimensions. A point in 1-dimension is represented in R as x or y. If we take two copies of R, we get the space R ⊗ R in which we can represent a 2-dimensional point i.e. we go from x → (x, y). The operation ⊗ is known as direct product. Let us now examine how we can write a two particle state using two single particle sta...

The problem of Lorentz invariance is treated in the conventional quantum field theory as follows: I) Field variables are transformed as classical quantities. II) Next, the procedure of the second quantization is performed in the new coordinate system. Then the commutation relations are retained to be invariant. However, as Wignerl) has pointed out, the invariance of the commutation relations do...

Using a new fundamental theory based on bit-strings we derive a finite and discrete version of the solutions of the free one particle Dirac equation as segmented trajectories with steps of length h/me along the forward and backward light cones executed at velocity fc. Interpreting the statistical fluctuations which cause the bends in these segmented trajectories as emission and absorption of ra...