and lines of rhymed prose make it his longest work. *Ḥanukka-nāma (The Book of Hanukah), his other long narrative, is an account of the Maccabees’ successful military campaign against the Seleucid dynasty in the second century B.C.E. The extant manuscript copies are incomplete; in the introduction, however, Ben Samuel expresses his desire to continue in the tradition, begun by *Shāhīn in the fo...

In the district of Soran, North-east city Erbil, there are many archaeological sites that date back to different periods start from Stone Ages Kurdish princedom Soran in Ruwanduz nineteenth century AD. These located valleys, on plains, and mountainous areas between Erbil Rawanduz as well gorges mountain passes two areas. As for caravans travel through Gal-i-Ali-Beg Alana Valley which they conne...

This article proposes an interpretive framework of paradox and wonder as a new approach to understanding the affective properties social consequences miniature objects in archaeological record. Building upon current scholarly theories miniatures inherently intimate, this accounts for how small-scale artworks were also designed deliberately manufactured elude user attempts at full sensory access...

In this article we discuss the archaeological landscapes of Erbil plain during Hellenistic period (late fourth century BCE–mid second BCE) based on data collected Plain Archaeological Survey (EPAS) between 2012 and 2019. We use a landscape archaeology approach to trace patterns habitation, migration, land exploitation, water management from Iron Age early first millennium CE. Over course BCE, w...

seals can help to identify the unknown aspects a culture. parthian seals and bullaes not only have played an important role in business in the community, but also they are important to identify the art and culture of this period. except a few reports about parthian site and a few works that can be found in collections and museums little has been written with regard to the seals of this period. ...

The interest in the Seleucid empire and problems of organizing political space Hellenistic East has recently been due to a methodological turn historiography era. These changes actualized study role Babylonia first Seleucids according narrative epigraphic sources. satrapy appears them as region where career Diadochus founder Seleucus dynasty began after death Alexander Great. It was here that h...

The so-called “Elephant Victory”, when the Seleucid army of Antiochus I defeated a huge horde Celts somewhere in Asia Minor, can be ranked among most picturesque (the elephantry, numbering just 16 animals, vanquished Celts, hence battle' name), but at same time, obscure episodes Hellenistic military history. It is known, essence, due to only one (and quite controversial) main source, Lucian’s “...