Genomic structure affects the expression and evolution of phenotypes via its effect on genomic function. One example is the presence of sex chromosomes and the development of the sexual phenotype. Multiple forces account for the evolution of genomic structure and function, some acting synergistically and some in an antagonistic manner, in a co-evolutionary process between genomic architecture a...

This paper presents a succession of tables with little comment. We are from time to time asked for the latest Xg score in certain categories of sex chromosome abnormalities and so hope some of the tables may be useful. The X-linked Xg blood group system was recognized late in 1961 (Mann et al, 1962). An account of its application, in the Blood Group Unit, to certain sex chromosome abnormalities...

Avian sex determination is chromosomal; however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. There is no conclusive evidence for either of two proposed mechanisms: a dominant genetic switch or a dosage mechanism. No dominant sex-determining gene on the female-specific W chromosome has been found. Birds lack inactivation of one of the Z chromosomes in males, but seem to compensate for a do...

Theoretically, both balancing selection and genetic drift can contribute to the maintenance of gender polymorphism within and/or among populations. However, if strong differences exist among genotypes in the quantity of viable gametes they produce, then it is expected that these differences will play an important role in determining the relative frequency of the genotypes and contribute to whet...

Morocco has made significant strides in building its HIV research capacity. Based on a wealth of empirical data, the objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive and systematic literature review and analytical synthesis of HIV epidemiological evidence in this country. Data were retrieved using three major sources of literature and data. HIV transmission dynamics were found to be focus...

BACKGROUND A decline in HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSWs) has been reported from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh between the two rounds of integrated biological and behavioural assessment (IBBA) surveys in 2005-06 and 2009, the first of these around the time of start of the Avahan HIV prevention intervention. In order to facilitate further planning of FSW interventions, we repor...

Introduction In Guyana, a steep increase in HIV seroprevalence was observed among female commercial sex workers (CSWs) during the last decade; from no evidence of HIV infection in 1988, to 25% in 1993, and 46% in 1997. The dynamics of transmission as well as the distribution and determinants of high risk sex among them are poorly understood. The aim of this survey was to describe factors that m...

Background The present study offers our contribution on the topic by a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in a population of Iranian infertile men attending assisted reproduction programs. MaterialsAndMethods Cytogenetic analysis was performed according to standard methods on cultured cells obtained from the patient peripheral blood. In all, 874 files belongin...

During a 15-year period, 161 adult patients were diagnosed with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (s-AML) in the region of Southern Denmark. In 73 patients, the AML diagnosis was preceded by myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS-AML), in 31 patients by an antecedent hematologic disease, and in 57 patients by treatment with chemotherapy and/or irradiation (t-AML). Cytogenetic analysis was carried out in ...

Marsupials and monotremes, the mammals most distantly related to placental mammals, share essentially the same genome but show major variations in chromosome organization and function. Rules established for the mammalian genome by studies of human and mouse do not always apply to these distantly related mammals, and we must make new and more general laws. Some examples are contradictions to our...