The present paper reports the observations of waves and beach morphology at two sites in Japan. One is the HORS Research Pier and the other is the Niigata coast where multiple shore protection structures have been installed. An X-band nautical radar system was employed for this study. Radar echo images provided instantaneous distributions of wave crests and waterlines along the shore. They were...

Protecting coastal communities has become increasingly important as their populations grow, resulting in increased demand for engineered shore protection and hardening of over 50% of many urban shorelines. Shoreline hardening is recognized to reduce ecosystem services that coastal populations rely on, but the amount of hardened coastline continues to grow in many ecologically important coastal ...

We investigate the representation of emissions from the largest (Class 3) commercial marine vessels (c3 Marine) within the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. In present emissions inventories developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), c3 Marine emissions are divided into off-shore and nearshore files. Off-shore c3 Marine emissions are vertically distributed...