Changes in Species Diversity and Soil Seed Bank under the Exclosure Different Intensity of Livestock Grazing Deteriorated Forests Middle Zagros

overgrazing, via harvesting of forage species and decrease the other herbs, is of progressive factors in biodiversity destroying. in order to investigate the animal grazing impacts on changing of plant structure and diversity, we selected the comparison between this effect with exclosure area, and proving of the excluded area effects on plant diversity; two sites of kojour rangeland, mazandran ...

Herbivorous waterfowl populations have increasingly adapted to forage on agricultural land and triggered a parallel rise in damage crops. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the most commonly reported crop damaged northern Europe, farmers demand management actions mitigate economic impacts. Here, we apply two approaches (exclosure experiments undisturbed fields yield assessments subject scaring...

Historical extirpations have resulted in depauperate large herbivore assemblages in many northern forests. In eastern North America, most forests are inhabited by a single wild ungulate species, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and relationships between deer densities and impacts on forest regeneration are correspondingly well documented. Recent recolonizations by moose (Alces americ...

We report long-term patterns of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) recruitment for five ungulate exclosures in the northern ungulate winter range of Yellowstone National Park. Aspen recruitment was low (<3 aspen·ha−1·year−1) in the mid-1900s prior to exclosure constructiondue toherbivorybyRockyMountain elk (Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758) but increasedmore than60-fold within 25 years afte...

Herbivores modify their environment by consuming plant biomass and redistributing materials across the landscape. While small mammalian herbivores, such as rodents, are typically inconspicuous, their impacts on plant community structure and chemistry can be large. We used a small mammal exclosure experiment to explore whether rodents in a southeastern old field directly altered the aboveground ...

Grassland degradation in the Inner Mongolia grassland became seriously since the end of 20th century, because of the rapid expansion of livestock numbers and the development of economy. Overgrazing in this region is one of the main causes of grassland degradation. In this paper, soil microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and nitrogen (Nmic) under continuous free-grazing and exclusion of livestock wer...