the water framework directive (wfd) is a far-reaching piece of european communitylegislation. estimates of the benefits of wfd programs are needed at the present time for two reasons. first,the wfd itself allows for derogations from the general requirement of member states to reach good ecological status in all water bodies by 2015 in cases where the costs of doing so can be shown to be disprop...

value of tourism and recreation are direct values of the forest ecosystem and parks, which include the use of parks and forest for recreation, leisure, hiking, and aesthetic. in this study, hasht behesht park recreational value and willingness to pay (wtp) is defined and measured by using contingent valuation method (cv) and double-bounded dichotomous choice (ddc). for measuring the willingness...

The paper presents a general setting for studying majority-based collective decision procedures where the electorate is divided into constituencies according to an equal-representation principle. It generalizes the well-known Referendum Paradox to the non-dichotomous choice case, and shows that all Condorcet choice rules are sensitive to the design of the apportionment of the electorate, in the...

Consider a committee of experts dealing with dichotomous choice problem, where the correctness probabilities are all greater than 1 2 . We prove that, if a random subcommittee of odd size m is selected randomly, and entrusted to make a decision by majority vote, its probability of deciding correctly increases with m. This includes a result of Ben-Yashar and Paroush (2000), who proved that a ran...

We conducted a survey of institutional investors in Beijing and Shenzhen to analyze the factors affecting green bond (GB) investing China, such as credit rating, GB issuer, fund use, liquidity, redemption term, certification label, type currency. then compared results for Shenzhen, including that affected greenium two cities’ willingness pay (WTP). Using double-bounded dichotomous choice contin...