Shallow buried and unsymmetrically loaded tunnel is the most common type of mountain portal. Currently, studies mainly focus on stability side slope, while investigation deformation front slope after excavation relatively less. In this paper, influence gradient angle between portal was analyzed by FLAC3D. The results show that: When greater than 40°, caused larger with increase angle. order to ...

-In order to calculate the mean mass flux past a given recording station it is necessary to know more than the mean velocity in a fixed, vertical section. One must add an additional term--the ' Stokes velocity ' which depends also oil the time and distance scales of the fluctuating currents. In typical circumstances, where the fluctuations are larger than the mean current, the Stokes velocity m...

Taiwanese tone sandhi, although a phrase-level pattern, has been argued to be essentially lexicalized. We thus expected it to be phonetically categorical and insensitive to pragmatic context. To test these predictions, we had native speakers read aloud pairs of sentences identical except for morphemes expected to be neutralized by tone sandhi, both across and within prosodic positions. Speakers...

The calculation of slope (downhill gradient) for a point in a digital elevation model (DEM) is a common procedure in the hydrological, environmental and remote sensing sciences. The most commonly used slope calculation algorithms employed on DEM topography data make use of a three-by-three search window or kernel centered on the grid point (grid cell) in question in order to calculate the slope...

Behavioral and EEG studies suggest spatial attention is allocated as a gradient in which processing benefits decrease away from an attended location. Yet the spatiotemporal dynamics of cortical processes that contribute to attentional gradients are unclear. We measured EEG while participants (n = 35) performed an auditory spatial attention task that required a button press to sounds at one targ...

Motivated by models of fracture mechanics, this paper is devoted to the analysis of a unilateral gradient flow of the Ambrosio-Tortorelli functional, where unilaterality comes from an irreversibility constraint on the fracture density. Solutions of such evolution are constructed by means of an implicit Euler scheme. An asymptotic analysis in the Mumford-Shah regime is then carried out. It shows...

The metabolic cost of the negotiation of obstacles, and the influence that this has on route selection, are important determinants of an animal's locomotor behaviour. We determined the gross metabolic cost of locomotion on slopes of different gradients, ranging from -90 to +90 deg, in leaf-cutter ants (Acromyrmex octospinosus) in a closed-circuit respirometry system. Ants were able to select th...

We construct unconditionally stable, unconditionally uniquely solvable, and secondorder accurate (in time) schemes for gradient flows with energy of the form ∫ Ω(F (∇φ(x))+ 2 2 |Δφ(x)|2) dx. The construction of the schemes involves the appropriate combination and extension of two classical ideas: (i) appropriate convex-concave decomposition of the energy functional and (ii) the secant method. A...

During the week of 7-14 March 2006, observations of winds and relative humidity were taken at various points along the mountain at Storm Peaks Laboratory in Steamboat Springs, CO. These observations were used to determine the relationship between slope flow and relative humidity. Slope flow is defined as the dot product of the wind vector and the gradient in elevation. The charts show details a...