AIM To highlight anatomical variation in the mandibular canine. SUMMARY Two clinical case reports are presented to illustrate anatomical variation in the human mandibular canine. Endodontic treatment may sometimes fail because morphological features of the tooth adversely affect the treatment procedures. Many investigators have reported the anatomical variations associated with mandibular can...

Increased soil strength due to soil compaction or soil drying is a major limitation to root growth and crop productivity. Roots need to exert higher penetration force, resulting in increased penetration stress when elongating in soils of greater strength. This study aimed to quantify how the genotypic diversity of root tip geometry and root diameter influences root elongation under different le...

In the initial phase of coffee crop, control weeds and water availability for establishment plants is a concern. The polyethylene cover can positively influence chemical biological characteristics soil and, consequently, root system. objective this work was to evaluate morphology system using mulching different widths colors. Coffee planted in December 2016 cultivar Topázio MG-1190. A randomize...

Increasing nitrogen (N) deposition may affect carbon and nutrient dynamics in forest ecosystems. To better understand the effects of N deposition, we need to improve our knowledge of N effects on fine roots (roots <2 mm in diameter), as they are a key factor in carbon and nutrient dynamics. In this study, we fertilized 1 × 2 m plots in a sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) stand (336 kg ha(-) (1) y(-) ...

Determination of swelling indexes was made for the roots, herb, leaves, stems and petioles hollyhock. Hollyhock herb has greatest value index which may be due to joint contribution stems, leaves having smaller individual index. The results obtained can used in future establishing standardization criteria formation regulatory documentation.

This article presents a methodology, and an associated system called Gateway, for automatically breaking complex Markov environments into a series of smaller regions. In turn, these regions form a kind of hierarchy that is useful in improving learning efficiency. The methodology has its roots in the cognitive mapping literature and requires adding little or no prior knowledge to the Gateway sys...