This study of 130 subjects was performed to obtain more data about the smoking habits and levels of carboxyhemoglobin in various types of pipe and cigar smokers. These smokers may be divided by history into primary or secondary smokers and also into current inhalers and noninhalers. Prior studies of carboxyhemoglobin levels have yielded conflicting results, presumably due to differences in curr...

design (3). We can imagine that some statistical procedure more powerful than standard Mantel-Haenszel and Miettinen tests might narrow the confidence intervals a bit, but it would not alter these point estimates by much. Adjustment of the RR's for tobacco use provides an adequate test for confounding. With subjects categorized either as non-, ex-, or current cigarette smokers or as pipe or cig...

Bladder cancer is one of the most common genitourinary neoplasms in industrialized countries. Multifocality and high recurrence rates are prominent clinical features of this disease and contribute to its high morbidity. Therefore, more sensitive and less invasive techniques could help identify individuals with asymptomatic disease. In this context, we used the micronucleus assay to evaluate whe...

background: age-related macular degeneration (amd) is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in elderly population in the developing countries. previous epidemiological studies revealed various potential modifiable risk factors for this disease. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of amd among elderly living in babol, north of iran.  methods:  the study popula...

Background & Aims of the Study: It is believed that immature defensive mechanisms and impulsiveness make people vulnerable to smoker and drugs, and these individuals experience more negative emotions and have less options for reducing their psychological disorders. The study sought to determine the role of difficulty in emotional self-regulation, impulsiveness, and defensive me...

Methods The survey was conducted in the waiting room of two medical walk-in-clinics. The questionnaire comprised of four main aspects including age of the patient, identify themselves as a frequent smoker, a non-smoker (passive) who is regularly exposed to smoke, a past (ex-) smoker and a non-smoker who is not regularly exposed to tobacco smoke. Valid consent was obtained from the patients and ...