Britain 1998. London: Stationery Office, 2000 2 Secretary of State for Scotland. Towards a healthier Scotland. Edinburgh: Stationery Office, 1999. 3 Dorset R, Marsh A. The health trap: poverty, smoking and lone parenthood. London: Policy Studies Institute, 1998. 4 Graham H, Der G. Patterns and predictors of smoking cessation among British women. Health Promot Internation 1999;14:231-9. 5 Graham...

abstract: iran passed wide range of events over her controversies history. it has great special geopolitics position, natural resources and cultural values. iran is in asia and connects asia to europe. iran as relational bridge has an important role so that it could be an important center during first and second world war for enemies' forces in spite of explicit neuter declaration from ira...

The informal sector in West Africa has become increasingly internationalized in the last few decades. This chapter explores informal cross-border trade— that is, smuggling—in West Africa, focusing on Senegal and Benin. According to official trade data, regional trade flows are minimal despite the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and Economic Community of West African States (ECO...

The COMCAD Working Paper Series is intended to aid the rapid distribution of work in progress, research findings and special lectures by researchers and associates of COMCAD. Papers aim to stimulate discussion among the worldwide community of scholars, policymakers and practitioners. They are distributed free of charge in PDF format via the COMCAD website. The opinions expressed in the papers a...

As of March 2016, 4.8 million Syrian refugees were scattered in two dozen countries by the civil war. Refugee smuggling has been a major catalyst of human trafficking in the Middle East and Europe migrant crises. Data on the extent to which smuggling devolved into trafficking in this refugee wave is, however, scarce. This article investigates how Syrian refugees interact with smugglers, sheddin...

The main aim of the study is to analyze basic problem evading customs payments, which entails serious financial losses for state budget. article seeks discuss problematic issues criminal liability payment duties levied on an organization or individual, as a type crime. Ways legislative improvement law norms and aimed at combating crimes in field regulation particular, with evasion organizations...