Question: In the microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, does it make a difference in terms of how much energy is scattered by snow crystals, whether or not they have a particular orientation in regards to each other? Put in another way, in calculating the amount of energy that is transferred from the ground, through the snowpack, can it be assumed that all of the crystals in a snowp...

Smeared Abelian and center gauges are introduced in pure non-Abelian lattice gauge theories. Popular Abelian and center gauges are limits of smeared gauges. Smeared gauges are also shown to be equivalent to Higgs theories. As a result, distributions and interactions of monopoles and vortices, which are objects responsible for confinement in pure gauge theories, can be studied by investigating c...

Three sight-type level sensors are glass gauges, displacers, and tape floats. Glass gauges are the most widely used instruments for measuring process tank level. Two types of level glass gauges measure liquid level in process tanks: tubular and flat gauges. The tubular type works on the same principle as a manometer. As the liquid level in an open tank rises or falls, the liquid in the glass tu...

This paper presents an evaluation of the parameter sensitivity a process-based model at global scale using large-sample data. The analysis was carried out HYdrological Prediction Environment (HYPE) model, for which soil and snow parameters were evaluated 187 river flow gauges spread worldwide. As result, 6 12 7 10 found to be sensitive. Taking advantage dataset, additional used investigate link...

The present study explored the changes in monthly streamflow Hindukush–Karakoram–Himalaya (HKH) region within Pakistan using recently developed trend analysis method known as innovative polygon (IPTA). data of 34 gauging stations installed HKH was analyzed, and Pettitt test applied to check homogeneity time series. entire area divided into 13 sub-basins, then each sub-basin were IPTA method. hi...

A general class of gauges for open string field theory, for which the gauge fixing condition is given by linear equations with respect to string field, is investigated in detail. This class of gauges includes almost all known ones like Siegel gauge and its various extensions such as a-gauges proposed by the present authors as well as Schnabl gauge and linear b-gauges. A general form of propagat...

The axial-gauge boson propagator contains 1/(η · k) p-type singularities. These singualarities have generally been treated by inventing prescriptions for them. We propose an alternative procedere for treating these singularities in the path-integral formalism using the known way of treating the 1/k 2n-type singularities in Lorentz-type gauges. For this purpose we use a finite field-dependent BR...