نتایج جستجو برای: social defences

تعداد نتایج: 611937  

Journal: :Nature Reviews Immunology 2003

Journal: :Trends in plant science 2003
Frédéric Cremer George Coupland

Plants actively respond to damage with the induction of defences. One of these defences involves emitting volatiles that attract the enemies of the enemies of the plant. Whether downwind neighbouring plants ‘eavesdrop’ on these cues and respond with the induction of their defences too has been debated intensively. Evidence in support of this hypothesis has been accumulating recently, provoking ...

2010
Sergio Rasmann Alexis C. Erwin Rayko Halitschke Anurag A. Agrawal

1. Entomopathogenic nematodes can function as indirect defence for plants that are attacked by root herbivores. By releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), plants signal the presence of host insects and thereby attract nematodes. 2. Nonetheless, how roots deploy indirect defences, how indirect defences relate to direct defences, and the ecological consequences of root defence allocation for...

Journal: :Proceedings. Biological sciences 2011
Sarah E Diamond Joel G Kingsolver

Immune defences are an important component of fitness. Yet susceptibility to pathogens is common, suggesting the presence of ecological and evolutionary limitations on immune defences. Here, we use structural equation modelling to quantify the direct effects of resource quality and selection history, and their indirect effects mediated via body condition prior to an immune challenge on encapsul...

Journal: :IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2005
Shishir Nagaraja Ross J. Anderson

Often an attacker tries to disconnect a network by destroying nodes or edges, while the defender counters using various resilience mechanisms. Examples include a music industry body attempting to close down a peer-to-peer file-sharing network; medics attempting to halt the spread of an infectious disease by selective vaccination; and a police agency trying to decapitate a terrorist organisation...

2006
Shishir Nagarja

Often an attacker tries to disconnect a network by destroying nodes or edges, while the defender counters using various resilience mechanisms. Examples include a music industry body attempting to close down a peer-to-peer file-sharing network; medics attempting to halt the spread of an infectious disease by selective vaccination; and a police agency trying to decapitate a terrorist organisation...

2015
Chengjun Wu Carlos A. Avila Fiona L. Goggin

Ethylene response factors (ERFs) comprise a large family of transcription factors that regulate numerous biological processes including growth, development, and response to environmental stresses. Here, we report that Pti5, an ERF in tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (Linnaeus)] was transcriptionally upregulated in response to the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and contributed to plan...

Journal: :Proceedings. Biological sciences 2012
Jesús M Avilés Johan R Vikan Frode Fossøy Anton Antonov Arne Moksnes Eivin Røskaft Jacqui A Shykoff Anders P Møller Bård G Stokke

Although parasites and their hosts often coexist in a set of environmentally differentiated populations connected by gene flow, few empirical studies have considered a role of environmental variation in shaping correlations between traits of hosts and parasites. Here, we studied for the first time the association between the frequency of adaptive parasitic common cuckoo Cuculus canorus phenotyp...

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