Abstract. As proposed by Saka (2019), plasma injections arising out of the auroral ionosphere (ionospheric injection) are a characteristic process polar at substorm onset. The ionospheric injection is triggered westward electric fields transmitted from convection surge in magnetosphere field line dipolarization. Localized result local accumulation electrons and ions, which produce electrostatic...

The explosion of space weather research since the early 1990s has been partly fueled by unprecedented, uniform, and extended observations solar disturbances from space- ground-based instruments. Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) closed magnetic field regions high-speed streams (HSS) open-field on Sun account for most relevant to weather. main consequences CMEs HSS are their ability cause geomagneti...

The Sun, as an active star, is the driver of energetic phenomena that structure interplanetary space and affect planetary atmospheres. effects Space Weather on Earth solar system increasing importance human spaceflight preparing for lunar Mars missions. This review focusing perspective relevant phenomena, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), flares, particles (SEPs), wind stream interaction regions (...