In their article in Critical Care, Sponholz et al. [1] compared two devices: the molecular adsorbent recirculating system (MARS) and single pass albumin dialysis (SPAD). As Sponholz et al. claim, SPAD is not an effective method for achieving a significant decrease in the concentration of bile acids, creatinine or urea, because a single SPAD procedure induces a 7.62 % (median) reduction in the l...

Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) techniques are now widely used to address outstanding problems in biology and biophysics. In order to study freely diffusing molecules, current approaches consist in exciting a low concentration (<100 pM) sample with a single confocal spot using one or more lasers and detecting the induced single-molecule fluorescence in one or more spe...

The progress in silicon planar device technologies has led single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) to emerge from the laboratory research phase and be commercially available from various manufactures. QKD systems can already exploit the available planar Si-SPAD devices, but they set strong demand for improved features and performance. A response can be given by new developments in a dedicated sil...

In the past decades different methods based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been developed to image a variety of hemodynamic parameters in tissue. However, simultaneous high resolution imaging of oxyand deoxyhemoglobin is not yet possible in clinical practices with millimeter accuracy. Nearinfrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a well established techniq...

Most of the works about single-photon detectors rely on Single Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) designed with dedicated technological processes in order to achieve single-photon sensitivity and excellent timing resolution. Instead, this paper focuses on the implementation of high-performance SPADs detectors manufactured in a standard 0.35-micron opto-CMOS technology provided by AMS. We propose a...

SpaD is the predicted backbone-pilin subunit of the SpaFED pilus, whose loci are encoded by the fimbrial spaFED operon in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a Gram-positive gut-adapted commensal strain with perceived probiotic benefits. In this study, soluble recombinant SpaD protein was overproduced in Escherichia coli and then purified by Ni2+-chelating affinity and gel-filtration chromatography. Af...

Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPAD) are affordable photodetectors, capable to collect extremely fast low-energy events, due to their single-photon sensibility. This makes them very suitable for time-of-flight-based range imaging systems, allowing to reduce costs and power requirements, without sacrifizing much temporal resolution. In this work we describe a computational model to simulate the...

This work presents a dual-junction, single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with electrical μ-lens designed and simulated in 90 nm standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The evaluated structure can collect the photons impinging beneath the pixel guard ring, as well as the pixel active area. The fill factor of the SPAD increases from 12.5% to 42% in comparison with simi...

BACKGROUND Silicon single-photon avalanche diodes (Si-SPADs) are the most used devices for measuring ultra-weak optical radiant fluxes in many quantum technology fields, such as quantum optics, quantum communication, quantum computing, etc. In all these fields, the detection efficiency is the main parameter, which has to be accurately known for achieving reliable measurements. In this paper we ...

This paper reviews the state of the art of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) image sensors for time-resolved imaging. The focus of the paper is on pixel architectures featuring small pixel size (<25 μm) and high fill factor (>20%) as a key enabling technology for the successful implementation of high spatial resolution SPAD-based image sensors. A summary of the main CMOS SPAD implementations...