1 . Introduction 2. What is Automation? 3. Solution-Based, Absorption Spectrophotometric Methods 3.1. Specimen Identification 3.2. Specimen Preparation 3.3. Specimen Integrity 3.4. Pipeting Specimens 3.5. Temperature Control 3.6. Absorbance Accuracy 3.7. Wavelength Accuracy 3.8. Time Control 3.9. Cuvet Control 3.10. Control of Interferences 3.10.1. Keto Acids 3.10.2. Ammonium Ions 3.10.3. Glyce...

Abstract Micro-crystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has shown great potential for structure determination of macromolecular crystals too small X-ray diffraction. However, specimen preparation remains a major bottleneck. Here, we report simple method preparing MicroED specimens, named Preassis, in which excess liquid is removed through an EM grid with the assistance pressure. We show ice thick...

The fluorescence microscope is one of the most sensitive instruments available for morphological and microchemical analysis of biological material, and especially of cereal grains. Recent innovations in illuminating systems, fluorescence chemistry, and specimen preparation have combined to provide significant improvements over conventional bright-field microscopy in both specificity and sensiti...

4.1 Acoustic Microscopy Theory, Techniques, and Specimen Preparation The Physical Interaction between Ultrasound and Solid Media • A Historical Perspective of the Study of Bone with Acoustic Microscopy • Specimen Preparation • The Acoustic Microscope 4.2 Acoustic Studies of Cortical Bone Material Properties Low Frequency • High Frequency 4.3 Acoustic Microscopy and Biomaterials Analysis Acousti...

Objective: Lack of a dental material with optimal adhesion and sealability is an important challenge in modern dentistry leading to marginal leakage. There are controversies on the necessity of enamel preparation in pit and fissure sealant therapy and its effect on decreasing the microleakage therefore, the present in vitro study aimed to assess the amount of microleakage with and without ename...