A widely used morphometric method (Macdonald et al. 1998) to calculate the zero-plane displacement (zd) and aerodynamic roughness length (z0) for momentum is further developed to include vegetation. The adaptation also applies to the Kanda et al. (2013) morphometric method which considers roughness-element height variability. Roughness-element heights (mean, maximum and standard deviation) of b...

In the following, some of those impacts are exemplarily discussed for the case of running: Figure 2 shows the effect of delayed reaction on periodically changed speed on plain ground: From bottom to top, the first line contains the speed values (6.5 and 8.0 km/h), which are graphically reproduced as profile, followed by the corresponding heart rate profile and the heart rate maximum values in t...

Electromyogram (EMG) profiles strongly depend on walking speed and, in pathological gait, patients do not usually walk at normal speeds. EMG data was collected from 14 muscles in two groups of healthy young subjects who walked at five different speeds ranging from 0.75 to 1.75 ms(-1). We found that average EMG profiles varied in a predictable way with speed. The average EMG profile for each mus...

Train energy-efficient operation problem applies the optimal control theory to optimize the speed profile between successive stations such that the tracking energy is minimized. Traditional studies show that the optimal speed profile consists of four phases including maximum acceleration, cruising, coasting and maximum braking. Based on the assumption that the resistance coefficients are random...

Introduction The trend of sound speed profile (SSP) inversion is towards wide-area estimation. However, the traditional method dividing latitude and longitude grids has limitations in terms significantly lower accuracy when samples are lacking. k-means clustering algorithm (K-means) can divide training class to achieve high Method This paper proposes a grid-free pre-classification scheme based ...

Motor startup speed profile of motor rotational speed versus rotational angle can often be very useful during product developments, such as for detailed kinematic or dynamic component analyses. In compressor tests, a sensor, usually a proximity probe or an optical pickup, is commonly used to generate low-resolution timing signals. The lowresolution timing signals are sufficient to detect the an...

Background: Although maximal sprint speed (MSS) and the anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) provides valuable information about the speed profile of athletes, these parameters fall short of providing important information about sub-maximal metabolic thresholds. The only field test that can offer an estimate of a sub-maximal metabolic threshold is the 3-minute all-out test for running (3MT) which deli...

Influence diagrams are decision theoretic extensions of Bayesian networks. They are applied to diverse decision problems. In this paper we apply influence diagrams to the optimization of a vehicle speed profile. We present results of computational experiments in which an influence diagram was used to optimize the speed profile of a Formula 1 race car at the Silverstone F1 circuit. The computed ...