the down-flow hanging sponge (dhs) reactor, which was developed for post-treatment of effluent from up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (uasb) process treating sewage, uses polyurethane sponge as media to retain biomass. wastewater is trickled from the top of the reactor and purified by microorganisms retained both inside and outside of the sponge media as the wastewater flows vertically down thro...

Materials and Methods: The coadministration of kanamycin and ethacrynic acid was used to deafen the guinea pigs. An absorbable gelatin sponge immersed in recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) was placed on the round window membrane of the experimental ear while a sponge containing saline was applied to control ear. Hearing function was assessed by auditory brain stem response...

Semitransparent perovskite solar cells are prepared using colloidal scale polymer sponge-like particle additives that spontaneously form 2D nanopore arrays whilst increasing the power conversion efficiency.

Sponges are animals that live in oceans, lakes, and rivers. There close to 10,000 sponge species described by scientists, but far more await discovery! However, not all sponges look feel like their kitchen-sink cousins. Over time, have evolved into many sizes shapes, giving us the huge diversity of on Earth today. For example, rock-hard! These rock use minerals silica (glass) build skeletons—in...

Heterotrophic bacteria associated with the Caribbean sclerosponge, Ceratoporella nicholsoni (Hickson), were found to occur extracellularly and were confined to the mesohyl regions of the sponge tissue. Physiological, metabolic, and morphological attributes of the culturable bacteria associated with the sponge were recorded by using numerical taxonomy methods for the analysis of 158 phenotypic a...

Sponge-mediated nitrification is an important process in the nitrogen cycle, however, nothing is known about how nitrification and symbiotic Archaea may be affected by sponge disease and bleaching events. The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is a prominent species on Caribbean reefs that contains cyanobacterial symbionts, the loss of which results in two types of bleaching: cyclic, a recov...

Sponges are a prominent component of coral reef ecosystems. Like reef-building corals, some sponges have been reported to bleach and die. The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the largest and most important components of Caribbean coral reef communities. Tissues of X. muta contain cyanobacterial symbionts of the Synechococcus group. Two types of bleaching have been described: cycl...

The swelling of sponge-like bicontinuous mesophases of bilayers of surfactant (or lipid) in water as a function of dilution is analyzed. Analytic formulae for the swelling are derived assuming ii) constant aggregate thickness and (it) fixed surface area per surfactant molecule at an imaginary surface located within the bilayer. Approximate swelling laws are derived for bicontinuous films and co...