Spur dike is a common hydraulic structure, which is widely used in hydraulic engineering such as channel regulation, flood prevention and river diversion for preserving the desired water depth, deflecting the main current and protecting river banks. In actual operations, spur dikes exert influence on river system usually in the form of groups, and the flow field around spur dike group is compli...

This short insight covers some of the recent topics relevant to the field of cadherin-catenin adhesion in mediating connections between different cell types, so-called heterotypic or heterocellular connections, in both homeostasis and cancer. These scientific discoveries are increasing our understanding of how multiple cells residing in complex tissues can be instructed by cadherin adhesion rec...

Spur cell anemia may occur in severe liver disease including alcoholic cirrhosis. Spur cell anemia red blood cells (RBCs) have a characteristic morphology, with irregular projections, an increased ratio of membrane cholesterol (Ch) to phospholipid, evidence of oxidative damage, and shortened survival resulting in hemolytic anemia. Normal RBCs may acquire many of the features of spur cells eithe...

A 56-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with jaundice, massive ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and an intramuscular hematoma. She had severe liver dysfunction with a total bilirubin level of 9.0 mg/dL, indirect bilirubin level of 6.9 mg/dL, albumin level of 2.8 g/dL and prothrombin ratio of 43%. Her hemoglobin level was 6.8 g/dL, and a peripheral blood smear showed the presence of a la...

In this study we aimed to determine the role of bone scintigraphy as an objective diagnostic method in patients with heel pain. 67 heels of 50 of 182 patients with defined features who attended the orthopedics outpatient clinic with heel pain over a 3-year period, were treated with combined methods such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and contrast baths, stretching exercises and...

Does competition spur productivity? And if so, how does it do so? These have long been regarded as central questions in economics. This essay reviews the literature that makes progress toward answering both questions. ∗We thank Tim Bresnahan, Douglas Clement, and Richard Rogerson. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minnea...