Three types of commonly used commercial treatment processes were investigated for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from hazardous waste: thin-film evaporation, steam stripping, and distillation. These Unit operations were evaluated for their potential to control emissions from hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDFs) by reducing waste VOC content. One-d...

Fractional-order controller was proven to perform better than the integer-order controller. However, the absence of a pole at origin in the approximated transfer function produced marginal error in fractional-order control system. This study demonstrated the design of an error compensator that comprises of a very small zero and a pole at origin to produce a zero steady-state error for the close...

Fuel ethanol is an important renewable and sustainable fuel, produced in China by fermentation of mostly corn, wheat and cassava feedstock. Fermentation produces an ethanol-lean broth (10 to 12 vol%). Ethanol is recovered by distillation, followed by a molecular sieve drying beyond the azeotropic point. The distillation and molecular sieve operations consume most of the total energy used, with ...

The objective of this study was to assess the limonene removal efficiency of three pre-treatment methods when applied to citrus waste and to evaluate their effects on the biochemical methane potential and the methane production rate using batch anaerobic tests. The methods tested were based on removal (biological pretreatment by fungi) or recovery (steam distillation and ethanol extraction) of ...

background & aim: ziziphora l. genus belongs to the lamiaceae family, which has important medicinal and aromatic plant species. in current study, essential oil chemical compositions of two ziziphora l. species (z. tenuior l. and z. clinopodioides lam.) were investigated. experimental: the flowering branches of z. tenuior and z. clinopodioides were collected in spring and summer 2011. the ae...

Background and objectives: Bakhtiari savory belonging to the Lamiaceae family is an endemic species, which is rich in carvacrol, thymol and other aromatic compounds. The essential oil of the plant could be added in fatty food against radicals similar to synthetic antioxidant BHT. Methods: To determine the best extraction methods on qualitative and antioxidant c...

An experimental steam distillation unit has been designed, built, and tested for the extraction of essential oils from peppermint and spearmint. The unit, using a 130-gal (510-liter) distillation tank, is intermediate in size between laboratoryscale extractors and commercial-sized distilleries, yet provides oil in sufficient quantity for industrial evaluation. The entire apparatus-a dieselfuel-...

Mint essential oils are produced by the steam distillation of dried or partially dried harvested plant material. In the United States, harvesting is done mechanically so that any weeds found in the field are concomitantly harvested. Steam distillation of contaminated plant material leads to off-notes in the oil, which are currently determined by a sensory panel. Furthermore, nonoptimized distil...

BACKGROUND Jujube extract is commonly used as a food additive and flavoring. The unique jujube aroma and the mild sweet aroma of the extract are critical factors that determine product quality and affect consumer acceptability. The aroma changes with changes in the extraction condition, which is typically dependent on the characteristics of volatile oils in the extract. Despite their importance...