In 1973, Ralph Steinman and Zanvil Cohn discovered an unusual looking population of cells with an unprecedented ability to activate naive T cells. Dubbed "dendritic cells," these cells are now known as the primary instigators of adaptive immunity.

abstract background: distal radial fracture is one of the most common fractures of the skeletal system. although it has been believed to be a simple fracture with excellent outcomes, practical operations’ results have always been undesirable and even poor. the goal of this study was to compare two methods of treatment “pin and plaster and precautious pin fixation in patients with unstable extra...

Ralph Marvin Steinman, the pioneering immunologist and discoverer of dendritic cells — pivotal cells that initiate and regulate the body’s immune response — passed away on September 30, 2011, just three days before it was announced that he was to be awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Figure 1). Ralph was born on January 14, 1943, in Montreal, the second of four siblings. Af...

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2011 to Jules Hoffmann, Bruce Beutler, and the late Ralph Steinman recognizes accomplishments in understanding and unifying the two strands of immunology, the evolutionarily ancient innate immune response and modern adaptive immunity.

INTRODUCTION Migration of orthopaedic fixation wires into the thoracic cavity occurs infrequently, but can have dire consequences. Although rare, intrathoracic migration is a serious complication that demands immediate removal. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case of a 59-year-old man with an intrathoracic migration of a Steinman wire used for the treatment of a shoulder fracture. Surprisingly...

prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia (pin) is considered a precursor of invasive carcinoma, characterized by proliferation and anaplasia of cells lining prostatic ducts and acini. in this study, we applied the pin grading system on one-hundred cases of prostatic carcinoma and one-hundred cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia, then compared the results. 74% of prostatic carcinoma and 51 % of pro...