Functional stereotaxic neurosurgery has traditionally required definition of the line between the anterior and posterior commissures as the basis for defining the target site for a procedure such as stereotaxic thalamotomy. While axial computed tomographic (CT) imaging precisely defines the third ventricle and the commissures, the planes of the axial images are not necessarily parallel to the i...

Brain registration to a stereotaxic atlas is an effective way to report anatomic locations of interest and to perform anatomic quantification. However, existing stereotaxic atlases lack comprehensive coordinate information about white matter structures. In this paper, white matter-specific atlases in stereotaxic coordinates are introduced. As a reference template, the widely used ICBM-152 was u...

A Riechert Mundinger stereotaxic device was modified to enable artifact-free computed tomographic (CT) scanning with the stereotaxic frame attached to the patient's head. A localization system was developed allowing determination of the XYZ coordinates of the target point directly from the CT cut. Angiography was performed intraoperatively with the stereotaxic frame attached. Coronal and sagitt...

Although several studies have been made on the histology of the central nervous system (C S) in anurans (4,5,6, 8, 11,22), frog is still not being used widely by the neurophysiologists. There are obviously many advantages of using this amphibian as an experimental animal such as the easy maintenance in the laboratory throughout the year and the extreme amenability of its C S to the experimental...

The ability to measure extracellular basal levels of neurotransmitters in the brain of awake animals allows for the determination of effects of different systemic challenges (pharmacological or physiological) to the CNS. For example, one can directly measure how the animal's midbrain dopamine projections respond to dopamine-releasing drugs like d-amphetamine or natural stimuli like food. In thi...

Stereotaxic surgery for the implantation of cannulae into specific brain regions has for many decades been a very successful experimental technique to investigate the effects of locally manipulated neurotransmitter and signaling pathways in awake, behaving animals. Moreover, the stereotaxic implantation of electrodes for electrophysiological stimulation and recording studies has been instrument...

satisfying the detail and precision required by researchers in the mid 1960s. However, the requirements for detail and precision have greatly increased in recent decades to the point that, for instance, nearly no researcher targets the general area of the hypothalamus, but instead they target one of the roughly 60 subnuclei in which the hypothalamus has been parcelled. In early 1980 when we com...

Preoperative and serial postoperative computed tomographic (CT) scans were obtained in 38 patients having either stereotaxic thalamotomy, mesencephalotomy, or a cingulumotomy to determine the relevance of the preoperative examination and to evaluate the site and evolution of the surgical lesion. Of the preoperative examinations, 55% were abnormal. The consequences of the stereotaxic procedure w...